), air pollution in major cities; soil erosion from overgrazing and other poor farming practices; desertification; dumping of raw sewage, petroleum refining wastes, and other industrial effluents is leading to the pollution of rivers and coastal waters; Mediterranean Sea, in particular, becoming polluted from oil wastes, soil erosion, and fertilizer runoff; inadequate supplies of potable water, party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Climate Change-Paris Agreement, Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlandssigned, but not ratified: Nuclear Test Ban, particulate matter emissions: 35.17 micrograms per cubic meter (2016 est. The law prohibits parties based on religion, ethnicity, gender, language, or region, but there were various political parties commonly known to be Islamist, notably members of the Green Alliance. note: data are in current year dollars$42.347 billion (2020 est.) The Committee on the Application of Standards at the International Labor Conference in June requested the government to reinstate employees that the committee determined were fired based on antiunion discrimination and to process expeditiously pending trade union registration applications. Twelve new arrondissements created, making a total of 32. The DGAPR separates vulnerable persons but provides no consideration for sexual orientation. 1845-04-24: By ordinance, Algeria was divided into three provinces. Official assert that the law covers LGBTI individuals through general civil and human rights legislation. The Ministry of Interior may deny a license to or dissolve any group regarded as a threat to the governments authority or to public order, and on several occasions failed to grant, in an expeditious fashion, official recognition to NGOs, associations, religious groups, and political parties. The law states that a person claiming domestic abuse must visit a forensic physician for an examination to document injuries and that the physician must determine that the injuries suffered incapacitated the victim for 15 days. ), potatoes, wheat, milk, watermelons, barley, onions, tomatoes, oranges, dates, vegetables, petroleum, natural gas, light industries, mining, electrical, petrochemical, food processing, agriculture: 10.8%industry: 30.9%services: 58.4% (2011 est. Since the outbreak of violence in northern Mali in 2012, international observers reported an influx of individuals into Algeria across the Malian border inconsistent with traditional migratory movements. He declared, with considerable accuracy, that Algeria was not a French province but an Arab country, a European colony, and a French camp. This attitude aroused certain hopes among Algerians, but they were destroyed by the emperors downfall in 1870. The law provides for sentences of one to 20 years imprisonment for domestic violence and six months to two years incarceration for men who withhold property or financial resources from their spouses. WebAlgiers Province ( Arabic: , Wilyat al-Jazir, [wilaja aldazair]; French: wilaya d'Alger or province d'Alger) is a province ( wilayah) in Algeria, named after its capital, Overuse of pretrial detention remained a problem. departments of France. A January 2017 decree by the prime minister clarified the process for the Ministry of Cultures review of imported books, both in print and electronic form. )$471.223 billion (2020 est. The appeal must be filed within three days of the order. The 130,000-member National Gendarmerie, which performs police functions outside of urban areas under the auspices of the Ministry of National Defense, and the approximately 218,000-member DGSN or national police, organized under the Ministry of Interior, share responsibility for maintaining law and order. The government did not permit young men eligible for the draft who had not completed their military service to leave the country without special authorization. The laws extensive requirements and uneven enforcement served as major impediments to the development of civil society. The Ministry of Justice said cell sizes exceeded international standards set by the United Nations Nelson Mandela Rules. See the Department of StatesTrafficking in Persons Reportatwww.state.gov/j/tip/rls/tiprpt/. Italy 13%, France 13%, Spain 12%, United States 7%, United Kingdom 7%, India 5%, South Korea 5% (2019), crude petroleum, natural gas, refined petroleum, fertilizers, ammonia (2019), $44.322 billion (2021 est.) Judges found to have ordered an unlawful detention could be subject to penalties or prosecution. In 2017 the ILO Committee of Experts on the Application of Conventions and Recommendations reiterated that the lengthy registration process seriously impedes the establishment of new unions. provinces. The government allowed international observation of the elections but did not permit local civil society organizations to do the same. The law prohibits Muslim women from marrying non-Muslims, although authorities did not always enforce this provision. WebGetentrepreneurial.com: Resources for Small Business Entrepreneurs in 2022. According to the International Telecommunication Union, 45 percent of the population used the internet in 2017. Opposition candidate Benflis rejected the results and claimed that fraud marred the elections. The government restricted licenses to political parties, NGOs, and other groups to hold indoor rallies or delayed permission until the eve of the event, thereby impeding publicity and outreach efforts by organizers. Civilian authorities generally maintained effective control over the security forces. The Ministry of National Solidarity, Family, and Women leads a national committee composed of 12 ministries and NGOs that meets yearly to discuss child labor issues. The law does not explicitly include this provision. 1902, because of border adjustments in desert areas. The departments were subdivided The law says any firing or other employment action based on discrimination against union members is invalid. Sub-Saharan African migrants came to Algeria after its civil war to work in agriculture and mining. The May 2017 elections for the lower chamber of parliament did not result in significant changes in the composition of the government. The law presumes defendants are innocent and have the right to be present and to consult with an attorney provided at public expense if necessary. Prohibition of Forced or Compulsory Labor, c. Prohibition of Child Labor and Minimum Age for Employment, d. Discrimination with Respect to Employment and Occupation, https://travel.state.gov/content/travel/en/International-Parental-Child-Abduction/for-providers/legal-reports-and-data.html. In 2002-02, a constitutional amendment recognized Tamazigh (the written language of the largest Berber group) Opposition parties also disseminated information via the internet and published communiques but stated they did not have access to the national television and radio. into the entities shown in this table (dep = department, div = division, arr = arrondissement, sub = subdivision). After )from consumed natural gas: 93.414 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2019 est. Although several total petroleum systems may exist within the Illizi Province, only one composite total petroleum system is identified. Discrimination: Although the constitution provides for gender equality, aspects of the law and traditional social practices discriminated against women. Labor standards do not protect economic migrants from sub-Saharan Africa and elsewhere working in the country without legal immigration status, which made them vulnerable to exploitation. ), definition: age 15 and over can read and writetotal population: 81.4%male: 87.4%female: 75.3% (2018), total: 31.9%male: 27.8%female: 54% (2021 est. In most cases, the NGOs continued to hold their meetings and police came to the hotels to end the gatherings. The law defines defamation as any allegation or imputation of a fact offending the honor or consideration of a person, or of the body to which the fact is imputed. The law does not require that the fact alleged or imputed be false or that the statement be made with malicious intent to damage another individuals reputation. )1.95% (2019 est.). Algeria is the United States' 3rd-largest market in the Middle East/North African region. For the year the Ministry for National Solidarity, Family, and Women, reported that there were 1,127 logged cases of violence against women. The constitution provides for freedom of internal movement, foreign travel, emigration, and repatriation, but the government restricted the exercise of this right. For example, female migrants were subjected to debt bondage as they worked to repay smuggling debts through domestic servitude, forced begging, and forced prostitution. The government said that a drop in aid from international donors led to worsening conditions for Sahrawi refugees, and that it had increased its own contributions as a result. List of Algerian provinces by population This article has been translated from the The law criminalizing speech about security force conduct during the internal conflict of the 1990s remained in place, although the government said there had never been an arrest or prosecution under the law. Most major opposition parties lost seats in the elections, and several parties claimed the results were significantly altered by fraud. 1974-06: Fifteen departments reorganized to form thirty-one. )subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 11 (2020 est. The country joined the Human Rights Council in 2014 but continued to deny requests for visits from the UN special rapporteurs on extrajudicial executions (pending since 1998) and counterterrorism and human rights (pending since 2006), the UN Working Group on arbitrary detention (pending since 2009), and the UN Security Council Mali Panel of Experts on Sanctions (since 2016). As a result, Algeria was divided into three The Ministry of Interior did not provide domestic or foreign observers with voter registration lists. Receive small business resources and advice about entrepreneurial info, home based business, Striking requires a secret ballot of the whole workforce. The law imposes an additional requirement that associations obtain government preapproval before accepting foreign funds. In September the Ministry of Communication stated there were 268 accredited written publications. At the end of the period of detention, the detainee has the right to request a medical examination by a physician of choice within the jurisdiction of the court. The government maintained undue media influence and opposition political parties claimed they did not have access to public television and radio. Abdelkader Kouafi, the National Autonomous Union of Sonelgaz Gas and Electricity Workers secretary-general, and Slimane Benzine, president of the National Federation of Internal Security Workers, were sentenced to imprisonment and fines for objecting to poor conditions of work and to the sexual harassment of women workers. In May 2017 Fekhar was sentenced to five years imprisonment but in July 2017 a court in Medea reduced that sentence to two years. Security forces conducted unannounced home visits. )from coal and metallurgical coke: 352,000 metric tonnes of CO2 (2019 est. There were several strikes launched in reaction to the governments refusal to extend official recognition to fledgling new unions and its practice of engaging only with the UGTA. Security forces routinely detained individuals who participated in unauthorized protests. )imports: 531 million kWh (2019 est. ), municipal solid waste generated annually: 12,378,740 tons (2016 est. According to the law, associations that apply for accreditation are entitled to receive a response within two months for national organizations, 45 days for interregional-level associations, 40 days for province-level associations, and 30 days for communal organizations. Prosecutors may apply to a judge to extend the period before arrested individuals can have access to an attorney. Leaders of womens organizations reported that discrimination was common and women were less likely to receive equal pay for equal work or promotions. )$38.551 billion (2019 est. If workers face such conditions, they may renegotiate their contract or, failing that, resort to the courts. Printed editions of the monthly news magazineJeune Afriquehave not been available in the country since April 23. Webthe machine that won the war irony; Select Page. Restrictions on freedom of assembly and association as well as restrictions on political party activities inhibited the activity of opposition groups. The departments were divided into arrondissements, as shown below. Opposition party leaders complained that the government did not provide timely authorizations to hold rallies or party congresses. ), Phoenicians, Carthaginians, Romans, Vandals, Byzantines, over a dozen different Arab and Berber dynasties, Spaniards, and Ottoman Turks. NGOs reported that the government threatened hotel and restaurant owners with penalties if they rented rooms to NGOs without official authorization. The law criminalizes statements denigrating Islam or insulting the Prophet Muhammed or messengers of God. In 2016 police in Setif arrested Slimane Bouhafs, a Christian convert, for posting statements on his Facebook page questioning the morals of the Prophet Muhammed. LGBTI activists reported that the vague wording of laws criminalizing homosexual acts and acts against nature permitted sweeping accusations that resulted in multiple arrests for consensual same-sex sexual relations, but no known prosecutions during the year. It reported the discovery of four minorsdown from 12 the year before. The Ministry of National Solidarity, Family, and the Status of Women provided some financial support to health-care-oriented NGOs, but for many NGOs, such financial support represented a small fraction of their budgets. Section II. )geothermal: 0% of total installed capacity (2020 est. Human rights activists and attorneys, however, asserted that some detainees were held without access to lawyers. Arrested individuals reported that authorities held them for four to eight hours before releasing them without charges. The Government of Algeria in 1988 instituted a multi-party system in response to public unrest, but the surprising first round success of the Islamic Salvation Front (FIS) in the December 1991 legislative elections led the Algerian army to intervene and postpone the second round of elections to prevent what the secular elite feared would be an extremist-led government from assuming power. Citing the threat of terrorism, the government also prevented overland tourist travel between the southern cities of Tamanrasset, Djanet, and Illizi. At the beginning of the 20th century, Algeria was a French colony. important position as a lingua franca, and place names have continued to be written in the Roman alphabet using French The ministry has 30 days to review the importation application; in the absence of a response after 30 days, the importer may proceed with distribution of the publication. Furthermore, the government restricted union activities and the formation of independent unions in certain critical public services sectors, such as oil and gas and telecommunications. of the colonial period, Algerian departments had a legal status which was supposedly equal to that of the European Since the subdivision Authorities generally transferred pretrial detainees, after presenting them before the prosecutor, to prisons rather than holding them in separate detention facilities. Muslim women from marrying non-Muslims, although authorities did not provide domestic or foreign observers with registration. Arr = arrondissement, sub = subdivision ) that some detainees were without. Government preapproval before accepting foreign funds that fraud marred the elections but did not result in significant in. Gas: 93.414 state province algeria metric tonnes of CO2 ( 2019 est. although several total petroleum may. 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