[420], According to the World Tourism Organization, Russia was the sixteenth-most visited country in the world, and the tenth-most visited country in Europe, in 2018, with over 24.6 million visits. [51] The 2009 census reported that 10,309,500 people, or 84.8% of the population aged 15 and above, could read and write well in Russian, and understand the spoken language. [490] However, Russia's historically high alcohol consumption rate is the biggest health issue in the country,[491] as it remains one of the world's highest, despite a stark decrease in the last decade. [612] Tea has been popular in Russia for centuries. [34] Early Indo-European migrations from the PonticCaspian steppe of Ukraine and Russia spread Yamnaya ancestry and Indo-European languages across large parts of Eurasia. [389] Dmitry Mendeleev invented the Periodic table, the main framework of modern chemistry. [51] School education in the Russian language is a very contentious point in Estonian politics, but as of 2019 promises have been given that such schools will remain open in the near future. [35][36] Nomadic pastoralism developed in the PonticCaspian steppe beginning in the Chalcolithic. [449], Russia is a multilingual nation; approximately 100150 minority languages are spoken across the country. [53], In 2005, Russian was the most widely taught foreign language in Mongolia,[73] and was compulsory in Year 7 onward as a second foreign language in 2006.[20]. During the crisis, Yeltsin was backed by Western governments, and over 100 people were killed. Over the course of centuries, the vocabulary and literary style of Russian have also been influenced by Western and Central European languages such as Greek, Latin, Polish, Dutch, German, French, Italian, and English,[36] and to a lesser extent the languages to the south and the east: Uralic, Turkic,[37][38] Persian,[39][40] Arabic, and Hebrew. All this formed the climate for the Russian Revolution of 1917, carried out in two major acts. [92] These reforms spurred industrialisation, and modernised the Imperial Russian Army, which liberated much of the Balkans from Ottoman rule in the aftermath of the 18771878 Russo-Turkish War. Russian developed under a strong influence of Church Slavonic until the close of the 17thcentury; afterward the influence reversed, leading to corruption of liturgical texts. [70] In 1612, the Poles were forced to retreat by the Russian volunteer corps, led by merchant Kuzma Minin and prince Dmitry Pozharsky. "We also have to understand that it's extraordinarily threatening to Russia to have such a big military alliance that's armed to the teeth so close to the Russian border [editor's note: if NATO were to expand]." Jan 17 (Reuters) - President Vladimir Putin said on Tuesday that the Russian economy was likely to have shrunk by 2.5% in 2022, but that it was performing better than most experts had predicted. Will it work? As Russia's invasion of Ukraine enters its 11th month, US and Ukrainian officials tell CNN that Russia's artillery fire is down dramatically from its wartime high, in some places by as much as 75%. [151], In 1957, the Soviet Union launched the world's first artificial satellite, Sputnik1, thus starting the Space Age. [78], The language was first introduced in North America when Russian explorers voyaged into Alaska and claimed it for Russia during the 18th century. [3] It is the most spoken native language in Europe, the most geographically widespread language of Eurasia, as well as the world's most widely spoken Slavic language. [105] In the aftermath of signing the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk that concluded hostilities with the Central Powers of World WarI; Bolshevist Russia surrendered most of its western territories, which hosted 34% of its population, 54% of its industries, 32% of its agricultural land, and roughly 90% of its coal mines. [159], By 1991, economic and political turmoil began to boil over as the Baltic states chose to secede from the Soviet Union. [548] By the 1980s, rock music became popular across Russia, and produced bands such as Aria, Aquarium,[558] DDT,[559] and Kino;[560] the latter's leader Viktor Tsoi, was in particular, a gigantic figure. [386] Russia ranked 45th in the Global Innovation Index in 2021. [21] The standard way to refer to the citizens of Russia is "Russians" in English. [102], An alternative socialist establishment co-existed, the Petrograd Soviet, wielding power through the democratically elected councils of workers and peasants, called Soviets. It has historically been a great power,[264] and a former superpower as the leading constituent of the former Soviet Union. [citation needed] The law faced criticism from officials in Russia. .) Verbs of motion in Russian such as 'go', 'walk', 'run', 'swim', and 'fly' use the imperfective or perfective form to indicate a single or return trip, and also use a multitude of prefixes to add shades of meaning to the verb. [64][65], In the 20th century, Russian was a mandatory language taught in the schools of the members of the old Warsaw Pact and in other countries that used to be satellites of the USSR. [503] In 1969, Vladimir Motyl's White Sun of the Desert was released, a very popular film in a genre of ostern; the film is traditionally watched by cosmonauts before any trip into space. [541] Prevalent styles of the late 20th-century were Art Nouveau,[542] Constructivism,[543] and Socialist Classicism. The Russian syllable structure can be quite complex, with both initial and final consonant clusters of up to four consecutive sounds. became more prominent in later history, and the country typically was called by its inhabitants "Rus land". [55] According to the Central Election Commission, 74.8% voted against, 24.9% voted for and the voter turnout was 71.1%. [7] In 2009, it recorded annual population growth for the first time in fifteen years; and since the 2010s, Russia has seen increased population growth due to declining death rates, increased birth rates and increased immigration. WebRussia ( Russian: , Rossiya, [rsij] ), or the Russian Federation, [c] is a transcontinental country spanning Eastern Europe and Northern Asia. [citation needed], The city of Veliky Novgorod has historically displayed a feature called chokanye or tsokanye ( or ), in which /t/ and /ts/ were switched or merged. This era had poets such as Alexander Blok, Anna Akhmatova, Boris Pasternak, Konstantin Balmont,[579] Marina Tsvetaeva, Vladimir Mayakovsky, and Osip Mandelshtam. [69] The PolishLithuanian Commonwealth, taking advantage, occupied parts of Russia, extending into the capital Moscow. [5], Russia has an adult literacy rate of 100%,[472] and has compulsory education for a duration of 11 years, exclusively for children aged 7 to 1718. Official Calls for Tribunal for War Crimes in Ukraine", "E.U. [51][72] Russian is spoken by 14.2% of the population according to an undated estimate from the World Factbook. [425] Russia's most visited and popular landmarks include Red Square, the Peterhof Palace, the Kazan Kremlin, the Trinity Lavra of St. Sergius and Lake Baikal. [78], CatherineII ("the Great"), who ruled in 17621796, presided over the Russian Age of Enlightenment. [646] The 1980 Summer Olympic Games were held in Moscow,[647] and the 2014 Winter Olympics and the 2014 Winter Paralympics were hosted in Sochi. [61], IvanIII ("the Great") finally threw off the control of the Golden Horde and consolidated the whole of northern Rus' under Moscow's dominion, and was the first Russian ruler to take the title "Grand Duke of all Rus'". In modern times, the monumental Dialectological Atlas of the Russian Language ( Dialektologichesky atlas russkogo yazyka), was published in three folio volumes 19861989, after four decades of preparatory work. [616] Among the 3,000 licensed radio stations nationwide, notable ones include Radio Rossii, Vesti FM, Echo of Moscow, Radio Mayak, and Russkoye Radio. Contains many dialectal, local, and obsolete words. They are the The Sreda Arena Atlas 2012 did not count the populations of two federal subjects of Russia where the majority of the population is Muslim, namely, Russia has an additional 850km (530mi) of coastline along the, Russia, by land area, is larger than the continents of, Russia borders, clockwise, to its southwest: the, Learn how and when to remove this template message, most significant Russian technological achievements, permanent member of the United Nations Security Council, List of tribes and states in Belarus, Russia and Ukraine, annexed most of its territories into Russia, unstable and focused predominantly on domestic issues, industrialisation of the largely rural country, Soviet civilian and military death were about 2627 million, Soviets started to withdraw from Afghanistan, traditional boundary between Europe and Asia, strengthened bilaterally and economically, strategic, energy, and defense relationship, opposition political parties and protests, persecution of non-governmental organisations, Economic history of the Russian Federation, Natural Resources and Environment Ministry, inequality of household income and wealth, revamped sanctions and corporate boycotts, modern heterostructure physics and electronics, List of cities and towns in Russia by population, believers without affiliation to any specific religion, Ministry of Education and Science of Russia, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, "Crimea: Six years after illegal annexation", "The Kurile Islands: Why Russia And Japan Never Made Peace After World War II", All-Russia Population Census 2010 ( 2010), " : ", "World Statistics Pocketbook 2016 edition", "The Russian federation: general characteristics", "World Economic Outlook Database, October 2022", "GINI index (World Bank estimate) Russian Federation", "1. It also produced some first-rate novelists and short-story writers, such as Aleksandr Kuprin, Nobel Prize winner Ivan Bunin, Leonid Andreyev, Yevgeny Zamyatin, Dmitry Merezhkovsky and Andrei Bely. [27] Russia was home to some of the last surviving Neanderthals, from about 45,000 years ago, found in Mezmaiskaya cave. [611] Wine has become increasingly popular in Russia in the 21st century. [57][58][needs update], In Lithuania, Russian has no official or any legal status, but the use of the language has some presence in certain areas. [51] The 2009 census states that 482,200 people speak Russian as a native language, or 8.99% of the population. Mountain ranges in the south and east obstruct the flow of warm air masses from the Indian and Pacific oceans, while the European Plain spanning its west and north opens it to influence from the Atlantic and Arctic oceans. Bread, of many varieties,[594] is very popular across Russia. [514], Victory Day, which honors Soviet victory over Nazi Germany and the End of World War II in Europe, is celebrated as an annual large parade in Moscow's Red Square;[515] and marks the famous Immortal Regiment civil event. Earlier, Crump illustrated the Russian perspective on the radio show Nieuwsweekend (5 February). [86] In 1820, a Russian expedition discovered the continent of Antarctica. In the 2010 census, roughly 81% of the population were ethnic Russians, and the remaining 19% of the population were ethnic minorities;[441] while over four-fifths of Russia's population was of European descentof which the vast majority were Slavs,[442] with a substantial minority of Finnic and Germanic peoples. [513] Spring and Labor Day, originally a Soviet era holiday dedicated to workers, is celebrated on 1 May. [53], In Turkmenistan, Russian lost its status as the official lingua franca in 1996. [202][203][204][205][206][207] The Council of Europe also called for an international criminal tribunal to prosecute Russian crimes. It is one of four living East Slavic languages,[h] and is also a part of the larger Balto-Slavic languages. Eventually Joseph Stalin, the General Secretary of the Communist Party, managed to suppress all opposition factions and consolidate power in his hands to become the country's dictator by the 1930s. [119] The transitional disorganisation of the country's agriculture, combined with the harsh state policies and a drought,[120] led to the Soviet famine of 19321933; which killed up to 8.7 million, 3.3 million of them in the Russian SFSR. [141]:295 The Soviet economy and infrastructure suffered massive devastation, which caused the Soviet famine of 19461947. km of land area)", "Fertility rate, total (births per woman) Russian Federation", "Russia's Putin seeks to stimulate birth rate", "Migrants Welcome: Is Russia Trying To Solve Its Demographic Crisis By Attracting Foreigners? [42] In late 8th century BCE, Ancient Greek traders brought classical civilization to the trade emporiums in Tanais and Phanagoria. [273][274], In the 21st century Russia has pursued an aggressive foreign policy aimed at securing regional dominance and international influence, as well as increasing domestic support for the government. [480], Russia, by constitution, guarantees free, universal health care for all Russian citizens, through a compulsory state health insurance program. Therefore, the Russian language is the seventh-largest in the world by number of speakers, after English, Mandarin, Hindi-Urdu, Spanish, French, Arabic and Portuguese. [272] Russia wields influence across the geopolitically important South Caucasus and Central Asia; and the two regions have been described as Russia's "backyard". [96] Under last Russian emperor, NicholasII (18941917), the Revolution of 1905 was triggered by the failure of the humiliating Russo-Japanese War. Federal regions also have their own departments of health that oversee local administration. [394] Zhores Alferov contributed significantly to the creation of modern heterostructure physics and electronics. [44] Moscow gradually absorbed its parent duchy and surrounding principalities, including formerly strong rivals such as Tver and Novgorod. BBC. WebRussian ( s) refers to anything related to Russia, including: Russians ( , russkiye ), an ethnic group of the East Slavic peoples, primarily living in Russia and neighboring countries. WebRussian ( s) refers to anything related to Russia, including: Russians ( , russkiye ), an ethnic group of the East Slavic peoples, primarily living in Russia and neighboring countries. In 1961, the first human trip into space was successfully made by Yuri Gagarin. Because of many technical restrictions in computing and also because of the unavailability of Cyrillic keyboards abroad, Russian is often transliterated using the Latin alphabet. [485] Russia has one of the world's most female-biased sex ratios, with 0.859 males to every female,[7] due to its high male mortality rate. [473] It grants free education to its citizens by constitution. [44] Rurik's son Igor and Igor's son Sviatoslav subsequently subdued all local East Slavic tribes to Kievan rule, destroyed the Khazar Khaganate,[52] and launched several military expeditions to Byzantium and Persia. [citation needed], In Uzbekistan, Russian is the language of inter-ethnic communication. [5] Orthodox Christianity, together with Islam, Buddhism, and Paganism (either preserved or revived), are recognised by Russian law as the traditional religions of the country, part of its "historical heritage". To an undated estimate from the World Factbook made by Yuri Gagarin of... Soviet Union perspective on the radio show Nieuwsweekend ( 5 February ) initial and final consonant of... In 17621796, presided over the Russian Revolution of 1917, carried out two! Final consonant clusters of up to four consecutive sounds 21 ] the law faced from... The former Soviet Union first human trip into space was successfully made by Yuri Gagarin structure can quite... 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