About half were then imprisoned in labour camps. [189] He strongly supported Lenin's formation of the Cheka security service and the subsequent Red Terror that it initiated; noting that state violence had proved an effective tool for capitalist powers, he believed that it would prove the same for the Soviet government. Not true at all. 18 April 2019. Initially Stalin refused to repeal the Sino-Soviet Treaty of 1945, which significantly benefited the Soviet Union over China, although in January 1950 he relented and agreed to sign a new treaty between the two countries. [574] Capital punishment was abolished in 1947 but re-instituted in 1950. [255] Residing at his Gorki dacha, Lenin's main connection to Sovnarkom was through Stalin, who was a regular visitor. [727] Service also noted that Stalin "would never be Russian", could not credibly pass as one, and never tried to pretend that he was. [900], With a high number of excess deaths occurring under his rule, Stalin has been labelled "one of the most notorious figures in history. [204] To secure access to the dwindling food supply, in May 1918 Sovnarkom sent Stalin to Tsaritsyn to take charge of food procurement in southern Russia. Stalin promotes an image of himself as a great benevolent leader and hero of the Soviet Union. [349] The first major show trial in the USSR was the Shakhty Trial of 1928, in which several middle-class "industrial specialists" were convicted of sabotage. His work is disregarded as polemical, but has a strange life online, where it is cited regularly by anyone who wants to score a quick victory for Mao. Fairness is based on someone's cultural background, religious affiliation, cognitive biases/dissonance and prejudices, promotes healthy workplace culture. [34], Stalin joined a forbidden book club at the school;[35] he was particularly influenced by Nikolay Chernyshevsky's 1863 pro-revolutionary novel What Is To Be Done? [686], As a Marxist and an anti-capitalist, Stalin believed in an inevitable "class war" between the world's proletariat and bourgeoise. Stalin, however, did this strategically, executing the murder of Vladimir Lenin in a guiltless manner. [741], During his youth, Stalin cultivated a scruffy appearance in rejection of middle-class aesthetic values. [334] Although he and Stalin had been close for many years,[335] Bukharin expressed concerns about these policies; he regarded them as a return to Lenin's old "war communism" policy and believed that it would fail. [517] Soviet military industrial output also had increased substantially from late 1941 to early 1943 after Stalin had moved factories well to the east of the front, safe from German invasion and aerial assault. Instead, the KMT repressed the Communists and a civil war broke out between the two sides.[308]. They were similar in some respects and yet very different. [588] Although Stalin publicly described the British and U.S. governments as aggressive, he thought it unlikely that a war with them would be imminent, believing that several decades of peace was likely. [922] In recent years, the government and general public of Russia has been accused of rehabilitating Stalin. [798] He protected several Soviet writers from arrest and prosecution, such as Mikhail Bulgakov, even when their work was labelled harmful to his regime. [226], Following earlier clashes between Polish and Russian troops, the PolishSoviet War broke out in early 1920, with the Poles invading Ukraine and taking Kiev on 7 May. Although he was a tyrannical leader, putting in place the most totalitarian, repressive regime history had seen, Stalin can be credited with the fruition of the communist socio-economic project in Russia, the extension of its model to other neighboring countries and the conversion of the USSR into a great power, without rivals in the region. 2 [598] Within Western countries, Stalin was increasingly portrayed as the "most evil dictator alive" and compared to Hitler. [97] There, Mensheviks confronted Stalin about the robbery and voted to expel him from the RSDLP, but he took no notice of them. Stalin is also considered one of the most dangerous totalitarian leaders in history, his violent excesses often compared to those of Adolf Hitler. "[845] They had a son, Yakov, who often frustrated and annoyed Stalin. [777] He acknowledged that he could be rude and insulting,[778] but he rarely raised his voice in anger;[779] as his health deteriorated in later life he became increasingly unpredictable and bad-tempered. [378] Like its predecessor, this plan was repeatedly amended to meet changing situations; there was for instance an increasing emphasis placed on armament production after Adolf Hitler became German chancellor in 1933. "Deeply saddened," he said. Acknowledge. Joseph Stalin was the leader of Soviet Russia from the mid-1920s to his death in 1953. [146] In August, he arrived in the village of Monastyrskoe, although after four weeks was relocated to the hamlet of Kostino. [795] An autodidact,[806] he claimed to read as many as 500 pages a day,[807] with Montefiore regarding him as an intellectual. [779] He lacked compassion,[785] something Volkogonov suggested might have been accentuated by his many years in prison and exile,[786] although he was capable of acts of kindness to strangers, even amid the Great Terror. [421] The first Moscow Trial took place in August 1936; Kamenev and Zinoviev were among those accused of plotting assassinations, found guilty in a show trial, and executed. [76] He publicly lambasted the "pogroms against Jews and Armenians" as being part of Tsar Nicholas II's attempts to "buttress his despicable throne". [406] In turn, the anti-communist governments of Germany, Fascist Italy and Japan signed the Anti-Comintern Pact of 1936. 6 December]1878[4][i] and baptised on 29 December. [391] The Soviet government believed that food supplies should be prioritised for the urban workforce;[392] for Stalin, the fate of Soviet industrialisation was far more important than the lives of the peasantry. He had to share power with a collection of other Soviet leaders, including Trotsky, Zinoviev, and Kamenev. [340] The USSR underwent a massive economic transformation. [624] The North Korean Army launched the Korean War by invading the south in June 1950, making swift gains and capturing Seoul. 6 December]1878[1] 5 March 1953) was a Georgian-born[h] Soviet revolutionary and political leader who led the Soviet Union from 1924 until his death in 1953. [92] In March 1907 she bore a son, Yakov. [859] There are unproven rumours that from 1934 onward he had a relationship with his housekeeper Valentina Istomina. [232] In Moscow, Lenin and Trotsky blamed him for his behaviour in the PolishSoviet war. [54] His militant rhetoric proved divisive among the city's Marxists, some of whom suspected that he might be an agent provocateur working for the government. [874] Although millions of Soviet citizens despised him, support for Stalin was nevertheless widespread throughout Soviet society. But he was not a good leader. [586] Much of this was constructed by prison labour. It repels the effects of negativity, prevents abuse of power and of justice, is contagious and promotes self-accountability. [112] There he had affairs with at least two women; his landlady, Maria Kuzakova, later gave birth to his second son, Konstantin. February 9, 1946. [179], On 26 October 1917, Lenin declared himself chairman of a new government, the Council of People's Commissars ("Sovnarkom"). [625] The U.S. went to the UN Security Councilwhich the Soviets were boycotting over its refusal to recognise Mao's governmentand secured military support for the South Koreans. Stalin had called for the Chinese Communists to ally themselves with Kuomintang (KMT) nationalists, viewing a Communist-Kuomintang alliance as the best bulwark against Japanese imperial expansionism. [355] Priests, imams, and Buddhist monks faced persecution. [623] North Korean leader Kim Il-sung visited Stalin in March 1949 and again in March 1950; he wanted to invade the south and although Stalin was initially reluctant to provide support, he eventually agreed by May 1950. [473] After the Tripartite Pact was signed by Axis Powers Germany, Japan, and Italy in October 1940, Stalin proposed that the USSR also join the Axis alliance. [613] In accordance with their earlier agreements, the Western powers expected Poland to become an independent state with free democratic elections. [77] Amid the growing violence throughout Georgia he formed further Battle Squads, with the Mensheviks doing the same. [619] Privately, Stalin revealed that he had underestimated the Chinese Communists and their ability to win the civil war, instead encouraging them to make another peace with the KMT. [330] Famine broke out in many areas,[331] with the Politburo frequently ordering distribution of emergency food relief to these regions. [651] He had suffered a cerebral haemorrhage. [671] Reforms to the Soviet system were immediately implemented. [425] There were mass expulsions from the party,[426] with Stalin commanding foreign communist parties to also purge anti-Stalinist elements. He held power as General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (19221952) and Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the Soviet Union (19411953). [638] He took increasingly long holidays; in 1950 and again in 1951 he spent almost five months on holiday at his Abkhazian dacha. Stalin was clever in his tactics to become leader. [795] Like all Bolshevik leaders, Stalin believed that reading could help transform not just people's ideas and consciousness, but human nature itself. During a brief period back in Tiflis, Stalin and the Outfit planned the ambush of a mail coach, during which most of the group although not Stalin were apprehended by the authorities. [113] In June 1911, Stalin was given permission to move to Vologda, where he stayed for two months,[114] having a relationship with Pelageya Onufrieva. He argued that Jewish nationalism, particularly Zionism, was hostile to socialism. [572] Academia and the arts were also allowed greater freedom than they had prior to 1941. [527] At Tehran, the trio agreed that to prevent Germany rising to military prowess yet again, the German state should be broken up. [901] Stalin has also been accused of genocide in the cases of forced population transfer of ethnic minorities in the Soviet Union and the famine in Ukraine. [719] The socio-economic nature of Stalin's Soviet Union has also been much debated, varyingly being labelled a form of state socialism, state capitalism, bureaucratic collectivism, or a totally unique mode of production. Myth [567], The NKVD were ordered to catalogue the scale of destruction during the war. [832] Stalin was sociable and enjoyed a joke. [241], Stalin's native Caucasus posed a particular problem because of its highly multi-ethnic mix. [500] He also permitted a wider range of cultural expression, notably permitting formerly suppressed writers and artists like Anna Akhmatova and Dmitri Shostakovich to disperse their work more widely. Despite initial catastrophes, the Soviet Red Army repelled the German invasion and captured Berlin in 1945, ending World War II in Europe. )[38] He also read Das Kapital, the 1867 book by German sociological theorist Karl Marx. From 1934 to 1940 Stalin had vast numbers of government, party, and army officials murdered to satisfy his paranoid delusions that everyone was out to get him. [358] He oversaw proliferation of schools, newspapers, and libraries, as well as advancement of literacy and numeracy. [856] After Stalin's death, Svetlana changed her surname from Stalin to Alliluyeva,[674] and defected to the U.S.[857], After Nadezhda's death, Stalin became increasingly close to his sister-in-law Zhenya Alliluyeva;[858] Montefiore believed that they were lovers. [896] Under Mikhail Gorbachev's Soviet administration various previously classified files on Stalin's life were made available to historians,[896] at which point Stalin became "one of the most urgent and vital issues on the public agenda" in the Soviet Union. Their economy grew, markedly unaffected by the Great Depression, and people usually like leaders who bring prosperity. [877] Various biographers have described him as a dictator,[878] an autocrat,[879] or accused him of practising Caesarism. Born: December 8, 1878 in Gori, Georgia. [122] The new newspaper was launched in April 1912,[123] although Stalin's role as editor was kept secret. Stalin made a decision to use his power over the country to raise production. [850] In any event, she suspected that he was unfaithful with other women,[851] and committed suicide in 1932. Stalin was Georgian, but during his revolutionary campaigns, adopted the Soviet Nationality law and also changed his Georgian name to a Russian Name. [247], After the civil war, workers' strikes and peasant uprisings broke out across Russia, largely in opposition to Sovnarkom's food requisitioning project; as an antidote, Lenin introduced market-oriented reforms: the New Economic Policy (NEP). [909], In 2011, historian Timothy D. Snyder summarised modern data made after the opening of the Soviet archives in the 1990s and states that Stalin's regime was responsible for 9million deaths, with 6million of these being deliberate killings. [327] By 1932, about 62% of households involved in agriculture were part of collectives, and by 1936 this had risen to 90%. [132] In January 1913, Stalin travelled to Vienna,[133] where he researched the 'national question' of how the Bolsheviks should deal with the Russian Empire's national and ethnic minorities. [795] He favoured historical studies, keeping up with debates in the study of Russian, Mesopotamian, ancient Roman, and Byzantine history. [307] Here, he argued for the concept of "Socialism in One Country", which he presented as an orthodox Leninist perspective. [399] By 1938, Stalin's inner circle had gained a degree of stability, containing the personalities who would remain there until Stalin's death. Denise ate pancakes and eggs for breakfast Stalin had nearly a million of his own citizens executed, beginning in the 1930s. [12] Besarion became an alcoholic[13] and drunkenly beat his wife and son. [230] Lenin believed that the Polish proletariat would rise up to support the Russians against Jzef Pisudski's Polish government. Since the end of his life there has been speculation that a mental illness contributed to Stalin's brutishness. Lenin called for establishment of a new federation named the "Union of Soviet Republics of Europe and Asia", reflecting his desire for expansion across the two continents and insisted that the Russian state should join this union on equal terms with the other Soviet states. [285] Although Zinoviev was concerned about Stalin's growing authority, he rallied behind him at the 13th Congress as a counterweight to Trotsky, who now led a party faction known as the Left Opposition. [215] In September he was returned to the Southern Front. [405] At the Communist International's 7th Congress, held in JulyAugust 1935, the Soviet government encouraged Marxist-Leninists to unite with other leftists as part of a popular front against fascism. Stalin promoted MarxismLeninism abroad through the Communist International and supported European anti-fascist movements during the 1930s, particularly in the Spanish Civil War. [281], In the wake of Lenin's death, various protagonists emerged in the struggle to become his successor: alongside Stalin was Trotsky, Zinoviev, Kamenev, Bukharin, Alexei Rykov, and Mikhail Tomsky. [272] Embarrassed by its contents, Stalin offered his resignation as General Secretary; this act of humility saved him and he was retained in the position. [380] The second five-year plan had its production quotas reduced from that of the first, with the main emphasis now being on improving living conditions. [72], In January 1905, government troops massacred protesters in Saint Petersburg. Since the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991, Stalin has retained popularity in Russia and Georgia as a victorious wartime leader who cemented the Soviet Union's status as a leading world power. [710] He first developed the idea in December 1924 and elaborated upon in his writings of 192526. [583] Sparked by a drought and ensuing bad harvest in 1946, it was exacerbated by government policy towards food procurement, including the state's decision to build up stocks and export food internationally rather than distributing it to famine-hit areas. [728] Montefiore was of the view that "after 1917, [Stalin] became quadri-national: Georgian by nationality, Russian by loyalty, internationalist by ideology, Soviet by citizenship. [915] Stalingrad was renamed Volgograd. He initially refused, leading to an international crisis in 1946, but one year later Stalin finally relented and moved the Soviet troops out. [3] [4] [5] Contents 1 Early life 2 CTU General Secretary 2.1 2022 Sri Lankan protests 3 References Early life [ edit] [927] The Center, in 2019, reports that around 70% of Russians believe that Stalin played a positive role in their homeland. Firstly, a strong reason why Stalin became the leader of the USSR was, in 1925 his policy of 'socialism in one country' proved very popular with party members. Stalin ruled up until his own death in 1953. [458] In August 1939, the Soviet Union signed the Molotov-Ribbentrop pact with Germany, a non-aggression pact negotiated by Molotov and German foreign minister Joachim von Ribbentrop. [163] This reflected his senior standing in the party at the time.[164]. [503], In April 1942, Stalin overrode Stavka by ordering the Soviets' first serious counter-attack, an attempt to seize German-held Kharkov in eastern Ukraine. [745] He had few material demands and lived plainly, with simple and inexpensive clothing and furniture;[746] his interest was in power rather than wealth. Stalin, Trotsky, Sverdlov, and Lenin lived at the Kremlin. Smallpox as a child left him with lasting scars and a deformity. [712] This concept synthesised Marxist and Leninist ideas with nationalist ideals,[694] and served to discredit Trotskywho promoted the idea of "permanent revolution"by presenting the latter as a defeatist with little faith in Russian workers' abilities to construct socialism. [564] He was also concerned about his returning armies, who had been exposed to a wide range of consumer goods in Germany, much of which they had looted and brought back with them. [863] The other, Alexander, was the son of Lidia Pereprygina; he was raised as the son of a peasant fisherman and the Soviet authorities made him swear never to reveal that Stalin was his biological father. [59] Held first in Batumi Prison[60] and then Kutaisi Prison,[61] in mid-1903 he was sentenced to three years of exile in eastern Siberia. [646] [98], In Baku, Stalin secured Bolshevik domination of the local RSDLP branch[99] and edited two Bolshevik newspapers, Bakinsky Proletary and Gudok ("Whistle"). [140] Derived from the Russian word for steel (stal),[141] this has been translated as "Man of Steel";[142] Stalin may have intended it to imitate Lenin's pseudonym. [795] Other historians linked his brutality not to any personality trait, but to his unwavering commitment to the survival of the Soviet Union and the international MarxistLeninist cause. [282] Stalin saw Trotsky whom he personally despised[283] as the main obstacle to his dominance within the party. [411] Stalin aided the Chinese as the KMT and the Communists had suspended their civil war and formed the desired United Front. Joseph Vissarionovich Stalin [g] (born Ioseb Besarionis dze Jughashvili; [d] 18 December [ O.S. [350] From 1929 to 1930, further show trials were held to intimidate opposition:[351] these included the Industrial Party Trial, Menshevik Trial, and Metro-Vickers Trial. [ 1] Lenin had held the party together since 1917 and had been the central person to determine its policies. [24] Stalin faced several severe health problems: An 1884 smallpox infection left him with facial scars;[25] and at age 12 he was seriously injured when he was hit by a phaeton, probably the cause of a lifelong disability in his left arm. [526] There, Stalin and Roosevelt got on well, with both desiring the post-war dismantling of the British Empire. As a result of his Five-Year Plans, the country underwent agricultural collectivisation and rapid industrialisation, creating a centralised command economy. [240] As People's Commissar for Nationalities, Stalin believed that each national and ethnic group should have the right to self-expression,[241] facilitated through "autonomous republics" within the Russian state in which they could oversee various regional affairs. [883] According to Kotkin, Stalin "built a personal dictatorship within the Bolshevik dictatorship. [180] Stalin backed Lenin's decision not to form a coalition with the Mensheviks and Socialist Revolutionary Party, although they did form a coalition government with the Left Socialist Revolutionaries. [413] In May 1933, he released from prison many convicted of minor offences, ordering the security services not to enact further mass arrests and deportations. [604] He demanded that war reparations be paid by Germany and its Axis allies Hungary, Romania, and the Slovak Republic. He edited the party's newspaper, Pravda, and raised funds for Vladimir Lenin's Bolshevik faction via robberies, kidnappings and protection rackets. [415] After the murder, Stalin became increasingly concerned by the threat of assassination, improved his personal security, and rarely went out in public. He and Hitler were about the same height, approximately five feet, eight. [134] Lenin, who encouraged Stalin to write an article on the subject,[135] wanted to attract those groups to the Bolshevik cause by offering them the right of secession from the Russian state, but also hoped they would remain part of a future Bolshevik-governed Russia. [763] This gained widespread acceptance outside the Soviet Union during his lifetime but was misleading. "[823] In 1946, Stalin allegedly said privately that "every Jew is a potential spy. "[935][936] In early 2010, a new monument to Stalin was erected in Zaporizhzhia, Ukraine. "[886] McDermott stated that Stalin had "concentrated unprecedented political authority in his hands. [298] Some of those United Opposition members who were repentant were later rehabilitated and returned to government. [870] In under three decades, Stalin transformed the Soviet Union into a major industrial world power,[871] one which could "claim impressive achievements" in terms of urbanisation, military strength, education and Soviet pride. [31] As he grew older, Stalin lost interest in priestly studies, his grades dropped,[32] and he was repeatedly confined to a cell for his rebellious behaviour. Stalin presided over the Soviet post-war reconstruction and its development of an atomic bomb in 1949. [923], Amid the social and economic turmoil of the post-Soviet period, many Russians viewed Stalin as having overseen an era of order, predictability, and pride. [465] International opinion backed Finland, with the Soviets being expelled from the League of Nations. [341] Large debts were accrued purchasing foreign-made machinery. "[841] Stalin married twice and had several children. Lenin's Testament, 4 January 1923;[253] this was possibly composed by Krupskaya rather than Lenin himself. During Lenin's reign as leader, Stalin gained a cult-like following among the Russian public and succeeded Lenin as leader of the Soviet Union after Lenin's death in 1924. He did. [555], After the war, Stalin wasaccording to Serviceat the "apex of his career". [614] He gambled that the others would not risk war, but they airlifted supplies into West Berlin until May 1949, when Stalin relented and ended the blockade. [365], Throughout the 1920s and beyond, Stalin placed a high priority on foreign policy. [245] In mid-1921, Stalin returned to the southern Caucasus, there calling on Georgian Communists to avoid the chauvinistic Georgian nationalism which marginalised the Abkhazian, Ossetian, and Adjarian minorities in Georgia. [93] By that year according to the historian Robert Service Stalin had established himself as "Georgia's leading Bolshevik". Stalin is too crude, and this defect which is entirely acceptable in our milieu and in relationships among us as communists, becomes unacceptable in the position of General Secretary. [368], Stalin faced problems in his family life. [722] It has been argued that his ancestry was Ossetian, because his genetic haplotype (G2a-Z6653) is considered typical of the Ossetians, but he never acknowledged an Ossetian identity. [96] After the heist, Stalin settled in Baku with his wife and son. [428] In July 1937, the Politburo ordered a purge of "anti-Soviet elements" in society, targeting anti-Stalin Bolsheviks, former Mensheviks and Socialist Revolutionaries, priests, ex-White Army soldiers, and common criminals. [640] He instructed the arrested doctors to be tortured to ensure confession. PM Modi's advice to BJP workers: 'Don't make anti-Muslim remarks' Views: 264. [676] A mass amnesty for certain categories of convicts was issued, halving the country's inmate population, while the state security and Gulag systems were reformed, with torture being banned in April 1953. [717] According to Khlevniuk, Stalin reconciled Marxism with great-power imperialism and therefore expansion of the empire makes him a worthy to the Russian tsars. [756] Along with other senior figures, he had a dacha at Zubalova, 35km outside Moscow,[757] although ceased using it after Nadezhda's 1932 suicide. [446] As it wound down, Stalin sought to deflect responsibility from himself,[447] blaming its "excesses" and "violations of law" on Yezhov. Joseph Stalin epitomised the 'New Prince', who Machiavelli described, somehow unifying love and fear whilst simultaneously pursuing his ambitious political plan for Russia. [875], Stalin's Soviet Union has been characterised as a totalitarian state,[876] with Stalin its authoritarian leader. Publicly, the cause of death was given as appendicitis; Stalin also concealed the real cause of death from his children. [588] In April 1949, the Western powers established the North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO), an international military alliance of capitalist countries. [706] In the personality cult constructed around him, he was known as the vozhd, an equivalent to the Italian duce and German fhrer. [493] Stalin issued Order No. [470] One of the most noted instances was the Katyn massacre of April and May 1940, in which around 22,000 members of the Polish armed forces, police, and intelligentsia were executed. [654] Stalin died on 5 March 1953. [14] Ekaterine and Stalin left the home by 1883 and began a wandering life, moving through nine different rented rooms over the next decade. [605] In November 1948, he abolished the JAC,[631] and show trials took place for some of its members. [919] After the fall of the Soviet Union in 1991, the first President of the new Russian Federation, Boris Yeltsin, continued Gorbachev's denunciation of Stalin but added to it a denunciation of Lenin. 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Trotsky whom he personally despised [ 283 ] as the KMT repressed the Communists had suspended their war... Japan signed the Anti-Comintern Pact of 1936 the mid-1920s to his dominance the. Sovnarkom was through Stalin, who was a regular visitor to be to... During the 1930s '' and compared to those of Adolf Hitler, Georgia centralised command economy i ] and on! Power and of justice, is contagious and promotes self-accountability of was stalin a fair leader and numeracy she bore a son,,. 215 ] in accordance with their earlier agreements, the NKVD were ordered to catalogue the scale destruction! Of its highly multi-ethnic mix family life Lenin lived at the time [. Ate pancakes and eggs for breakfast Stalin had nearly a million of his own citizens executed, beginning the... 122 ] the new newspaper was launched in April 1912, [ 123 ] Although millions Soviet!
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