In these details, the headlight of a modern vehicle (Judge, 1900) and starlight from a goddess of civilization (Puck, 1898) illuminate demeaning caricatures of China. As the golden goose, Chinas perceived mass market was to be protected for free trade against takeover by increasingly assertive foreign powers. John Bull Good evins! Auto-Truck of Civilization and Trade: the Asia Market. Barbarism lies at the base of the mountain to be climbed by Uncle Sam and John Bullwith civilization far off at the hoped-for end of the journey, where a glowing figure proffers education and liberty. The fifth stanza of Kiplings poem refers to an ascent toward the light: Barbarisms companion attributes of backwardness, spelled out on the boulders underfoot, include oppression, brutality, vice, cannibalism, slavery, and cruelty. At the same time, the distinction the artist draws between Britains burden and Americas is striking. Although these magazines were affiliated with different political partiesthe Democratic Party and Republican Party respectivelyboth generally supported pro-expansionist policies. Case Study: The Boxer WarThe Boxer Uprising., Matthews, Roy T. Britannia and John Bull: From Birth to Maturity., Miller, Bonnie M. The Image-Makers Arsenal in an Age of War and Empire, 1898 1899: A Cartoon Essay, Featuring the Work of Charles Bartholomew (of the, Murphy, Erin L. Womens Anti-Imperialism, The White Mans Burden, and the Philippine-American War,, Phillips, Richard and Jones, Rhys. Perspectives on the White Mans Burden Directions: In 1899, British poet Rudyard Kipling wrote The White Mans. Leonhard, Robert R.The China Relief Expedition: Joint Coalition Warfare in China,Summer 1900(Laurel, MD: Applied Physics Laboratory, Johns Hopkins University). Advance Agent of Modern Civilization: Religion & Empire. Mans Burden, in the caption to thisLifecover published shortly after Kiplings poem. A pair of 1898 graphics offer before and after snapshots related to two major events. The black-and-white drawing by William H. Walker captured the harsh reality behind the ideal of benevolent assimilation, depicting imperialists Uncle Sam, John Bull, Kaiser Wilhelm, and, coming into view, a figure that probably represents France, as burdens carried by vanquished non-white peoples. Twitter. This ca. The word Civilization (with a capital C), alongside Progress, was counterposed against the words barbarism, barbarians, and barbarity, with accompanying visual stereotypes. ), Is This Imperialism?: the Boxer Uprising. 4, pp. The caption reads Think It Overa phrase that also appeared later in Mark Twains To the Person Sitting in Darkness essay. English Lessons: The Pedagogy of Imperialism in Nineteenth-Century China(Durham: Duke University Press, 2003). One cannot imagine a blunter caption than the one that accompanied his 1900 cartoon forJudge: And, after all, the Philippines Are Only the Stepping-Stone to China. In Flohris image, Uncle Samheavily laden with steel, railroads, bridges, farm equipment, and the likegives a cursory nod to the spread of civilization by grasping a book titled Education and Religion. The confident giant is greeted with open arms by a diminutive yellow-clad Chinese mandarin. Kipling positively represents colonial imperialism as the moral burden of the white race, who are divinely destined to civilise the brutish, non-white Other who inhabits the barbarous parts of the world; to wit, the seventh and eighth lines of the first stanza misrepresent the Filipinos as new-caught, sullen peoples, half-devil and half-child. Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey (2014). Few new vessels were commissioned until the 1880s when the first battleships were built,U.S.S. The 1901 date indicates that the specific reference is to Allied reprisals against Chinese civilians following the Boxer Uprising. The synergy of piousness and power is the subject of a Keppler cartoon, The Advance Agent of Modern Civilization, in the January 12, 1898, issue ofPuck. The scene above turns the tables on theHarpers Weeklycover (above) and accuses foreign troops and missionaries of atrocities during the Boxer Uprising in China. The belief in racial/cultural superiority that fueled the British empire embraced the U.S. in Anglo-Saxonism based on common heritage and language. 3, pp. Twain went along, partly out of concern for his family, and The War Prayer was not published until 1916, six years after his death. What did the public back home know about the fighting of these far-off wars? But by the 1890s, emerging industrial powerhouses like the U.S. and Germany reduced Britains industrial dominance. 1900. As these cartoons reflect, the U.S., itself a new colonial power, was particularly threatened by the rise of Germany as a rival in the Pacific. Ellen Sebring is an artist, filmmaker, and for a decade was the Creative director of theVisualizing Culturesproject at M.I.T. Cohen, Paul A. The conspicuously larger size of Britannias big guns inPucks cartoon reflects Englands leading role in imperial conquest. 13, No. On June 17, while the fate of Seymour and his men remained unknown to the outside world, Allied navies attacked and captured the forts at Taku. Turning to China, his stinging indictment extended beyond the two Anglo powers to target the Kaisers Germany plus Tsarist Russia and France. Civilization and barbarism were vividly portrayed in the visual record. Brown, Arthur Judson. While he originally wrote the poem to celebrate Queen Victoria's Diamond Jubilee in 1897, To the Person Sitting in Darkness.. Shortly after Kiplingspoemappeared, the consistently anti-imperialist Life fired back with a decidedly different view of the white mans burden on its March 16, 1899 cover: a cartoon that showed the foreign powers riding on the backs of their colonial subjects. There should be no problem designing a flag for the conquered Philippines, he opined in drawing his biting essay to a close: we can have just our usual flag, with the white stripes painted black and the stars replaced by the skull and cross-bones.. ColumbiaMother! Louis Dalrymple,Puck, June 15, 1898. ), yesterday we took important commandos. In the eyes of the West, China was dangerously close to chaos as the new century began. A year later,Judgemagazine published a two-page cartoon by Victor Gillam that sets the contemporary civilization versus barbarism debate against a grand panorama of historical carnage. Long-standing personifications and visual symbols for countries were used by cartoonists to dramatize events to suit their message. Do those benighted wretches fail to realize what we have accomplished in their islands? This idea is presented in a poetic way, by a British poet, Rudyard Kipling, in his poem The white mans burden written in 1898. Elliott, Jane E. SomeDid It for Civilisation, Some Did It for Their Country: A RevisedView of the Boxer War(Hong Kong: The Chinese University Press, 2002). A 1901 Puck cover, Misery Loves Company, depicts John Bull and Uncle Sam mired in colonial wars at a steep price: Boer War 16,000,000 yearly and Philippine War $80,000,000 yearly. Anti-imperialist movements targeted the human rights violations in both the Philippines and Transvaal in their protests. Supporters of imperialism in Europe and the United States believed that imperialism helped their colonies because it brought new technology and growth. Missionary zeal extends to a threat unfurled in a banner carried by the choir of women, Come and be saved; if you dont . western leaders perspective on the white man's burden. Long May It Wave. Postwar industrialization and the introduction of new commodities such as steel and electricity gradually transformed the agrarian nation. Keppler rendered this as Japan Makes her Dbut Under Columbias Auspices, with Columbia, Britannia, and a geisha-like Japan at the center of the scene. Barbarie Civilisation. Full caption: Its all a matter of perspective. The Battle of Omdurman in September 1898in which British forces retook the Sudan using Maxim machine guns to inflict disproportionate casualties on native Mahdi forceswas followed almost immediately by the Fashoda Crisis with France, in which the British asserted their control of territory around the upper Nile. Misery Loves Company: Parallel Colonial Wars (1899-1902). Lhumanit de nos soldats est admirable et ne se lasse pas malgr la frocit des Bors (Rapport officiel au War Office. The British people had a long history of supporting imperial wars and as the conflict escalated, criticism in cartoon form declined and was supplanted by patriotic messages. Ugly and shocking scenes of violence in 19th-century American life are ironically captioned as refined and elegant to challenge the self-image of a nation contributing cash to save the heathen of foreign lands while ignoring its own barbarity. French Satirical Drawings from LAssiette au Beurre(New York: Dover Publications, 1978). Heine used the pages of Simplicissimusto denounce the atrocious conduct of Prussian troops during the Allied intervention in China, where the German forces obviously took to heart Wilhelm IIs exhortation to show no mercy. One was the second Boer War of 18991902 that pitted British forces against Dutch-speaking settlers in South Africa and their black supporters. Uncle Sam is to be Sacrificed: Anglophobia in Late Nineteenth-Century Politics and Culture.American Nineteenth Century History. No blow has been struck except for liberty and humanity, and none will be., Is this Imperialism? In this mockingLifecartoon, a Chinese man with an overturned Bible at his feet laughs ironically at how both the Bible and Uncle Sam relish scenes of slaughter. Allied troops departed Tianjin for Beijing on August 4. The large Map of the United States and Neighboring Countries is dotted with U.S. flags marking newly-acquired territories. TheLifecartoon takes a different view of the barbarism in these events, focussing on Allied brutality against the Chinese. (doi:10.1093/cjip/pol005), Faunce, Rev. Anti-imperialist protesters were often feminized as weak nervous Nellies and, in a play on words, as aunties. Antiwar graphics, on the other hand, informed the public about the darker side of imperial campaigns. Even though the non-whites will judge them for being so controlling, they will have to keep themselves on a motivated track and work without expectations. Europeans, this reads, Pour the Blessings of Their Culture over the Globe.. Vignette-style graphics placed an array of smaller scenes around the central image. 11, Issue 40, No. Geopolitics, Vol. Britain stepped in to defend the rights of the immigrants, known asuitlanders(foreigners) to the Boers. 301-314 (2010). Lucky Filipinos: the Philippine-American War. (doi:10.1017/S0021875810000046). U.S. regiments were transported from the Philippines to join the Allied force. This military dimension of the multi-ethnic United Kingdom is often forgotten. Within a barred room, its walls painted blood-red, a cohort of five army officers headed by a sword-wielding Major General Elwell Stephen Otis (1838-1909), military governor of the Philippines, forces a manacled war correspondent to write only approved dispatches. The Boxers, China, and the World(Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield, 2007). To criticise or hold under too deep a scrutiny is to be accused of being an agent of a new type of colonialism. The French leftwing magazineLAssiette au Beurre(The Butter Plate) had a substantive run from April, 1901 to October, 1912. 202-212 (September 2010). Girls are part of the obedient older class studying books labeled California, Texas, New Mexico, and Arizona. The only non-white student in the older group holds the book titled Alaska and is neatly coifed in contrast to the unruly new class made up of the Philippines, Hawaii, Porto Rico, and Cuba. All are depicted as dark-skinned and childish. Columbia Studies in the Social Sciences (New York: Columbia University Press, 1955). She may be red-handed, and at times drunk, but she is there for business. Imperial and Anti-Imperial Constructions of Civilisation: Engagements with Pre-Modern Pasts.Geopolitics, Vol. The Great Rapprochement describes a shift in the relationship of the U.S. and Great Britain that, in the 1890s, moved from animosity and suspicion to friendship and cooperation. 730-735 (2008). This unit examines cartoons from the turn-of-the-century visual record that reference civilization and its nemesisbarbarism. Gillams sub-caption is All this for politicsis civilization advancing?. And, more subtly yet, it reflected the shift from the nations agrarian roots toward global engagement. The War Prayer begins with a preacher praising the nations just and holy war, and leading his congregation in praying for victory. 4, pp. It ought to be a Happy New Year, the caption reads. In this rendering it is the Bible-toting white invader (The Stranger) who is ridiculed. In often searing graphics, they challenged the complacent propagandists for Western expansion by addressing (and illustrating) a devastating question about the savage wars of peace. Western missionaries had penetrated the interior, and the missions they established disrupted village traditions. Initially, the camps were conceived as shelters for women and children war refugees. The Stranger: How long have you been civilized? During the last decade of the 19th century, the antagonistic relationship between Great Britain and the United Statesrooted in colonial rebellion and heightened in territorial conflicts like the War of 1812grew into a sympathetic partnership. The world view that Rudyard Kipling and other proponents of colonialism believed in was one in which the white man was the guardian and protector of the planet and its people. hier encore nous avons pris un important commando. The aggressive quest for new marketsChinas millions being the most covetedwas justified as part of the benevolent and inevitable spread of progress. Are our teachings, then, in vain? is the caption of a cartoon by Pucks Udo Keppler in which Confucius and Jesus Christ look down on the warring Boxers and missionaries. W. H. P. Signs of Promise., Jones, Toby Craig. Stark images such as these helped make public a subject that was generally suppressed. Anthropomorphizing nations and concepts meant that in an 1899 cartoon captioned The White Mans Burden, the U.S., as Uncle Sam, could be shown trudging after Britains John Bull, his Anglo-Saxon partner, carrying non-white nationsdepicted in grotesque racist caricaturesuphill from the depths of barbarism to the heights of civilization. In the storm clouds on the left, the Eastern Question looms. Along with his burden of steel, trains, sewing machines, and other industrial goods, Uncle Sam carries a book titled Education, Religion in a nod to the rhetoric of moral uplift that accompanied the commercial goals of the civilizing mission. When a Chinese coolie strikes a French soldier the result is a public cry of Barbarity! But when a French soldier strikes a coolie, its a necessary blow for civilization. Ren Georges Hermann-Paul,Le Cri de Paris, July 10, 1899. This special issue illustrated by Thophile Steinlen comprises a particularly gruesome mural depicting the bloodshed of contemporary colonial wars in Turkey, China, and Africa. Historical perspective. Around 1904 or 1905in another impassioned response to the American war in the Philippines (which officially ended in 1902 but in practice dragged on for many years thereafter)Twain penned a short essay titled The War Prayer. The essay is now regarded as an exemplary indictment of blind patriotism coupled with religious fanaticism. European countries sought to colonize and plunder the wealth from regions with large populations such as Africa and Asia. In a run of 13 lithographs published in the July 4, 1900 issue of the French periodicalLAssiette au Beurre, the cartoonist Ren Georges Hermann-Paul was especially incisive in calling attention to this grim reality. Although usually associated with the pro-expansionist proponents of civilization and progress,Puckon occasion turned a discerning eye on the double standards of Americas so-called noble mission in the Philippines and China. Partnership with Great Britain brought the advantage of shared technology to the U.S., but the new American-made ships represented competition for the British shipbuilding industry. The weekly magazineJudge, a rival toPuckthat was published from 1881 to 1947, opened 1899 with a barbed rendering of the Anglo nations gorging on the globe. Source:Library of Congress, This rueful cartoon places Confucius and Jesus side-by-side and laments the failure of all parties to practice what they preach. This special issue ofLAssiette au Beurredrew particular attention to the brutal tactics adopted by the British in the Boer War, including herding the families of the Boer opponent into concentration camps. Following its victory over China in the Sino-Japanese War of 1894-95, Japan had the heady experience of being welcomed into the imperialist circle. Source:The Ohio State University Billy Ireland Cartoon Library & Museum. American ships for American commerce!!. The Poet, the President & The White Mans Burden Rudyard Kiplings poem that begins with the line Take up the White Mans burden was published in the United States in the February, Cartoonist Victor Gillam turns the tables on American missionary zeal and moral imperative to save the heathen by showing how the Chinese might view the foreign devils in vignettes of ignorance, racism, and extreme violence in the United States. SHARE. In one of the most lasting images of the conflict, the legation quarter in Beijingoverflowing with some 900 foreign diplomats, their families, and soldiers, along with some 2,800 Chinese Christianswas put to siege. Looming on the left, the Eastern Question refers to the long-standing British confrontation with Russia in the Balkans that would soon extend to conflict over Britains Cape to Cairo strategy in Africa. Mans Burden William H. Walker, cover illustration,Life, March 16, 1899. The imperialist rhetoric of civilization versus barbarism that took root during these years was reinforced in both the United States and England by a small flood of political cartoonscommonly executed in full color and with meticulous attention to detail. Some of the poorest provinces in the north were further stressed by a destructive combination of flooding and prolonged drought. The Centre of Research on Globalization grants permission to cross-post Global Research articles on community internet sites as long the source and copyright are acknowledged together with a hyperlink to the original Global Research article. School Begins. Uncle Sam (to his new class in Civilization): Now, children, youve got to learn these lessons whether you want to or not! The message suggests that the indigenous man will be brought out of ignorance through the inescapable march of progress in the form of Western civilization. In the U.S., despite spirited resistance from Anglophobic Irish immigrants and anti-imperialist leagues, overseas military campaigns gradually gained public support. In mid 1899,Lifepublished this chilling view of the war in the Philippines that was to drag on for several more years. It is all too easy to assume that Americans, English, and others on the home front could not see what their nations were doing overseas. Tuffnell, Stephen. 799820 (June 2000). Additional images from the issue depict barbaric behavior by the multinational force that intervened in China during the Boxer Uprising. The test of U.S. naval power came with the Spanish-American War. Each of the three major turn-of-the-century wars left a trail of contention in the visual record. Pucks cover for June 8, 1898, celebrated this new Anglo-Saxon solidarity and sense of mission with an illustration of two resolute soldiers standing with fixed bayonets on a parapet and overlooking the globe. The Boxer Uprising was a godsend for the righteous exponents of a world divided, between the civilized West and barbaric Others. On May 1, the U.S. Navy scored its first major victory in foreign watersfar from assured given the weakness of the American fleet at the timeby defeating Spanish warships defending their longtime Pacific colony in the Battle of Manila Bay. Probably the oldest perspective on The Pigtail Has Got to Go. Louis Dalrymple,Puck, October 19, 1898. Three overlapping turn-of-the-century conflicts in particular stirred the righteous rhetoric of the white imperialists. Although Wilhelm II was famous for introducing the concept of a yellow peril, Germanys major colonial possessions were in Africa. as early as 2000, in blowback: the costs and consequences of american empire, johnson predicted that the american empire was going to face considerable resistance around the globe in the form of terrorism and social unrest. The Poet, the President & The White Mans Burden, Rudyard Kiplings poem that begins with the line Take up the White Mans burden was published in the United States in the February, 1899 issue ofMcClures Magazine, as the American war against the First Philippine Republic began to escalate. A tiny female China peers at the scene from behind a wall. Religion played a major role in the characterization of others as heathens in need of salvation through education, conversion, and civilizing in the ways of Christian culture. Hevia, James Louis. Indeed, the visual record was, in its unique way, more powerfulmore literally graphicthan words alone could ever be. The U.S. is newly victorious in 1898 naval victories over the Spanish at Manila and Santiago de Cuba. Source:Library of Congress, In this 1902 cartoon, Britains Boer War and goals on the African continent are identified with the march of civilization and progress against barbarism. Cartoonists portrayed Wilhelm II with increasing venom as a perpetrator of violence through World War I. In Vebers rendering of Les Progrs de la Science (The Advancement of Science), Boer prisoners of war are being shocked by an electric fence to the amusement of British troops on the other side. Given the rhetoric of civilizing uplift used to justify expansion, training was expected as part of the incorporation of new territories into the U.S. '. It was the anti-imperialist cartoonists, however, who most starkly posed the question: who is the real barbarian? 83-108 (2006). Bello, Walden. Ships for American commerce a speciality., Right: Uncle Sam proudly displays his new steamship and a sign that reads, Uncle Sam the ship builder re-established with great success in 1893. Appelbaum, Stanley. Having defeated China in 189495, Japan is presented by Columbia (the U.S.) to her closest ally, Britannia (Great Britain). Source:Library of Congress. Titled Dream of the Empress of China, the dream is an obvious nightmare, as the sardonic sub-caption makes clear. The two allies had been embroiled in lengthy wars with costly and devastating effects on the populations in Africa and Asia. The turn-of-the-century visual record tells us otherwise. However, brutally repressive policies followed that included accusations of genocide. Perspectives . Even the Civil War is referenced, in a wall plaque: The Confederate States refused their consent to be governed; but the Union was preserved without their consent. Refuting the right of indigenous rule was based on demonstrating a populations lack of preparation for self-governance. The Laureate of Empire.Raritan: A Quarterly Review. Relatively free from European rivalries and well situated to become a transoceanic partner, the U.S. was courted for the role. Two years ago the main street of Manila did not possess a single saloon. 1898 poster promotes the U.S.-British rapprochement as A Union in the Interest of Humanity Civilization, Freedom and Peace for All Time. Multiple representations symbolize the two Anglo nations: national symbols (the eagle and lion); flags (the Stars and Stripes and Union Jack); female personifications (Columbia and Britannia); male personifications (Uncle Sam and John Bull); and national coats of arms (eagle and shield for America; lion, unicorn, crown, and shield for Great Britain). Christian missionaries often led the way, followed by politicians, troops, andbringing up the rearbusinessmen. The Centre for Research on Globalization will not be responsible for any inaccurate or incorrect statement in this article. She researches visual narrative and digital historiography using the visual historical record.This article was adapted from Visualizing Cultures. He was just one of the imperial rulers and national figures to be demonized. Uncle Sam and President McKinley countered the assault under another American flag on which was inscribed Life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness under treaty rights. The cartoon caption reflected Americas self-image as a reluctant civilizer: Is This Imperialism? When the Chinese man raises his sword, it is labeled barbarism, but when the French soldier does precisely the same thing it is a necessary blow for civilization.. British armies had difficulty stopping mounted Boer commandos spread out over large areas of open terrain. In the United States, the Boer War, conquest of the Philippines, and Boxer Uprising prompted large, detailed, sophisticated, full-color cartoons inPuckandJudge. Get started today before this once in a lifetime opportunity expires. As a long-established world empire, Great Britain held sway over some 12 million square miles and a quarter of the worlds population. The French caption mocks British hypocrisy in officially praising the humanitarian behavior of their armed forces. A Rival Who Has Come to Stay: Naval Power. Expert Help. Jean Veber,LAssiette au Beurre, September 28, 1901. It allows prisoners to enjoy the view from the outside and have the illusion of freedom (Official Report to the War Office. Who, they asked, was the real barbarian? Even the name of the poem is paternalistic in that he views Opposing viewpoints usually found expression in simpler but no less powerful black-and-white graphics in other publications. The Origins of the Boxer Uprising(Berkeley: University of California Press, 1987). The laudatory rhetoric and imagery of a white mans burden and civilizing mission received a sharp rejoinder in a cartoon published byLifein April, 1901 under the title March of the Strenuous Civilization. In this sardonic rendering of the realities of imperialist expansion, a missionary leads the charge holding a Missionary Ledger. Immediately behind him march a sword-brandishing sailor carrying loot and a rifle-bearing soldier carrying booty. Science comes next, clutching lyddite, a high explosive first used by the British in the Boer War. As Britain stepped up financial industries, shipping, and insurance to make up the deficit, global sea power took on additional significance. The aggressors brought progress in the form of modern technology, communications, and Western dress and culture. Violence in the Name of Peace and Civilization. In order to fully get along in society, indigenous populations had to assimilate to the colonists culture and many times abandon their own. If you dont do it I shall have to. Udo Keppler,Puck, August 8, 1900. Reports of the Boxer attacks seeped out of the beleaguered area and misinformation spread, like this headline in theNew York Timeson July 30: Wave of Massacre Spreads over China. Take up the White Mans burden The savage wars of peace Fill full the mouth of Famine, And bid the sickness cease; And when your goal is nearest (The end for others sought) Watch Maineexploded and sank in the harbor at Havana. At the same time, Britain was fighting the Anglo-Boer War in South Africa. TexasandU.S.S. Vol. According to Kipling, European countries had a duty to spread their religion and culture to those less civilized places. Three savage turn-of-the-century conflicts defined the milieu in which such rhetoric flourished: the Anglo-Boer War of 18991902 in South Africa; the U.S. conquest and occupation of the Philippines initiated in 1899; and the anti-foreign Boxer Uprising in China that provoked intervention by eight foreign nations in 1900. As the American West was absorbed and the continent consolidated, the mandate of Manifest Destiny shifted from territorial to commercial expansion beyond contiguous borders. Civilization and its Discontents: The Boxers and Luddites as Heroes and Villains.Theory and Society16(5):675 (1987). Selling Empire: American Propaganda and War in the Philippines.TheAsiaPacific Journal, Vol. Source:Wikimedia. Is now regarded as an exemplary indictment of blind patriotism coupled with religious fanaticism the belief in superiority. Stressed by a destructive combination of flooding and prolonged drought a long-established World Empire, Great Britain held over... According to Kipling, European countries sought to colonize and plunder the wealth from regions with large populations as. Stranger ) who is ridiculed the Boxers, China, the State University Billy Ireland Library... Civilians following the Boxer Uprising demonstrating a populations lack of preparation for self-governance fighting of these far-off wars Come Stay... Cartoon by Pucks Udo Keppler, western leaders perspective on the white man's burden, June 15, 1898 supported... 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