Cyberspace is critical to the way the entire U.S. functions. 64 As DOD begins to use and incorporate emerging technology, such as artificial intelligence, into its weapons platforms and systems, cybersecurity will also need to be incorporated into the early stages of the acquisitions process. 6395, December 2020, 1796. Its worth noting, however, that ransomware insurance can have certain limitations contractors should be aware of. 1 (February 1997), 6890; Robert Jervis, Signaling and Perception: Drawing Inferences and Projecting Images, in Political Psychology, ed. Cybersecurity Personnel who secure, defend, and preserve data, networks, net-centric capabilities, and other designated systems by ensuring appropriate security controls and measures are in place, and taking internal defense actions. In September, the White House released a new National Cyber Strategy based on four pillars: The DOD released its own strategy outlining five lines of effort that help to execute the national strategy. Erik Gartzke and Jon R. Lindsay (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2019), 104. Throughout successive Presidential administrations, even as the particular details or parameters of its implementation varied, deterrence has remained an anchoring concept for U.S. strategy.9 Deterrence is a coercive strategy that seeks to prevent an actor from taking an unacceptable action.10 Robert Art, for example, defines deterrence as the deployment of military power so as to be able to prevent an adversary from doing something that one does not want him to do and that he otherwise might be tempted to do by threatening him with unacceptable punishment if he does it.11 Joseph Nye defines deterrence as dissuading someone from doing something by making them believe the costs to them will exceed their expected benefit.12 These definitions of deterrence share a core logic: namely, to prevent an adversary from taking undesired action through the credible threat to create costs for doing so that exceed the potential benefits. Mark Montgomery is Executive Director of the U.S. Cyberspace Solarium Commission and SeniorDirector of the Foundation for Defense of Democracies Center on Cyber and Technology Innovation. However, selected components in the department do not know the extent to which users of its systems have completed this required training. 51 Office of Inspector General, Progress and Challenges in Securing the Nations Cyberspace (Washington, DC: Department of Homeland Security, July 2004), 136, available at . Each control system LAN typically has its own firewall protecting it from the business network and encryption protects the process communication as it travels across the business LAN. Another pathway through which adversaries can exploit vulnerabilities in weapons systems is the security of the DOD supply chainthe global constellation of components and processes that form the production of DOD capabilitieswhich is shaped by DODs acquisitions strategy, regulations, and requirements. Chinese Malicious Cyber Activity. Directly helping all networks, including those outside the DOD, when a malicious incident arises. Off-the-shelf tools can perform this function in both Microsoft Windows and Unix environments. 10 Lawrence Freedman, Deterrence (Cambridge, UK: Polity, 2004), 26. large versionFigure 1: Communications access to control systems. 114-92, 20152016, available at . If cybersecurity requirements are tacked on late in the process, or after a weapons system has already been deployed, the requirements are far more difficult and costly to address and much less likely to succeed.53 In 2016, DOD updated the Defense Federal Acquisition Regulations Supplement (DFARS), establishing cybersecurity requirements for defense contractors based on standards set by the National Institute of Standards and Technology. 33 Austin Long, A Cyber SIOP? large versionFigure 9: IT Controlled Communication Gear. Counterintelligence Core Concerns As businesses become increasingly dependent on technology, they also reach out to new service providers that can help them handle their security needs better. These cyber vulnerabilities to the Department of Defenses systems may include: Companies like American Express and Snapchat have had their vulnerabilities leveraged in the past to send phishing emails to Google Workspace and Microsoft 365 users. Items denoted by a * are CORE KSATs for every Work Role, while other CORE KSATs vary by Work Role. George Perkovich and Ariel E. Levite (Washington, DC: Georgetown University Press, 2017), 147157; and Justin Sherman, How the U.S. Can Prevent the Next Cyber 9/11,, https://www.wired.com/story/how-the-us-can-prevent-the-next-cyber-911/. 1 (2017), 3748. A system could be exploited through a single vulnerability, for example, a single SQL Injection attack could give an attacker full control over sensitive data. These vulnerabilities pass through to defense systems, and if there are sophisticated vulnerabilities, it is highly unlikely they will be discovered by the DoD, whether on PPP-cleared systems or on heritage systems. . 3 (2017), 454455. To effectively improve DOD cybersecurity, the MAD Security team recommends the following steps: Companies should first determine where they are most vulnerable. Security vulnerabilities refer to flaws that make software act in ways that designers and developers did not intend it to, or even expect. Cyber Defense Infrastructure Support. Cyber Vulnerabilities to DoD Systems may include: a. But where should you start? 1 Summary: Department of Defense Cyber Strategy 2018 (Washington, DC: Department of Defense [DOD], 2018), available at ; Achieve and Maintain Cyberspace Superiority: Command Vision for U.S. Cyber Command (Washington, DC: U.S. Cyber Command, 2018), available at ; An Interview with Paul M. Nakasone, Joint Force Quarterly 92 (1st Quarter 2019), 67. Incentivizing computer science-related jobs in the department to make them more attractive to skilled candidates who might consider the private sector instead. 12 Joseph S. Nye, Jr., Deterrence and Dissuasion in Cyberspace, International Security 41, no. large versionFigure 16: Man-in-the-middle attacks. This is why the commission recommends that DOD develop and designate a force structure element to serve as a threat-hunting capability across the entire DOD Information Network (DODIN), thus covering the full range of nonnuclear to nuclear force employment. The Cyber Services Line of Business (LOB), also known as SEL7 DISA Cyber Services LOB, oversees the development and maintenance of all information technology assets that receive, process, store, display, or transmit Department of Defense (DoD) information. (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1980); and Thomas C. (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1966). The DOD published the report in support of its plan to spend $1.66 trillion to further develop their major weapon systems. The control system network is often connected to the business office network to provide real-time transfer of data from the control network to various elements of the corporate office. Encuentro Cuerpo Consular de Latinoamerica - Mesa de Concertacin MHLA . National Defense University There are 360 million probes targeted at Defense Department networks each day, compared to the 1 million probes an average major U.S. bank gets per month." This number dwarfs even the newer . 3 (2017), 454455. ; Erica D. Borghard and Shawn W. Lonergan, The Logic of Coercion in Cyberspace,. Cyber Vulnerabilities to DoD Systems may include: All of the above DoD personnel who suspect a coworker of possible espionage should: Report directly to your CI or Security Office Under DoDD 5240.06 Reportable Foreign Intelligence Contacts, Activities, Indicators and Behaviors; which of the following is not reportable? The department is expanding its Vulnerability Disclosure Program to include all publicly accessible DOD information systems. Prior to the 2018 strategy, defending its networks had been DODs primary focus; see The DOD Cyber Strategy (Washington, DC: DOD, April 2015), available at . Designs, develops, tests, and evaluates information system security throughout the systems development lifecycle. The operator HMI screens generally provide the easiest method for understanding the process and assignment of meaning to each of the point reference numbers. hile cyberspace affords opportunities for a diversity of threat actors to operate in the domain, including nonstate actors and regional state powers, in addition to Great Powers, the challenges of developing and implementing sophisticated cyber campaigns that target critical defense infrastructure typically remain in the realm of more capable nation-state actors and their proxies. A backup control center is used in more critical applications to provide a secondary control system if there is a catastrophic loss of the main system. While cyberspace affords opportunities for a diversity of threat actors to operate in the domain, including nonstate actors and regional state powers, in addition to Great Powers, the challenges of developing and implementing sophisticated cyber campaigns that target critical defense infrastructure typically remain in the realm of more capable nation-state actors and their proxies. What we know from past experience is that information about U.S. weapons is sought after. While hackers come up with new ways to threaten systems every day, some classic ones stick around. Much of the information contained in the Advisories, Alerts, and MARs listed below is the result of analytic efforts between CISA, the U.S. Department of Defense (DoD), and the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) to provide technical details on the tools and infrastructure used by Chinese state-sponsored cyber actors. Until recently, DODs main acquisitions requirements policy did not systematically address cybersecurity concerns. An attacker can modify packets in transit, providing both a full spoof of the operator HMI displays and full control of the control system (see Figure 16). Defense contractors are not exempt from such cybersecurity threats. The Public Inspection page may also include documents scheduled for later issues, at the request of the issuing agency. CISA cites misconfigurations and poor security controls as a common reason why hackers can get initial access to sensitive data or company systems due to critical infrastructure. As Jacquelyn Schneider notes, this type of deterrence involves the use of punishment or denial across domains of warfighting and foreign policy to deter adversaries from utilizing cyber operations to create physical or virtual effects.31 The literature has also examined the inverse aspect of cross-domain deterrencenamely, how threats in the cyber domain can generate instability and risk for deterrence across other domains. It can help the company effectively navigate this situation and minimize damage. The DOD is making strides in this by: Retaining the current cyber workforce is key, as is finding talented new people to recruit. , see Angus King and Mike Gallagher, co-chairs, Building a Trusted ICT Supply Chain: CSC White Paper 4, (Washington, DC: U.S. Cyberspace Solarium Commission, October 2020), available at <, https://www.solarium.gov/public-communications/supply-chain-white-paper, These include implementing defend forward, which plays an important role in addressing one aspect of this challenge. Upholding cyberspace behavioral norms during peacetime. 6395, 116th Cong., 2nd sess., 1940. 1981); Lawrence D. Freedman and Jeffrey Michaels. DOD and the Department of Energy have been concerned about vulnerabilities within the acquisitions process for emerging technologies for over a decade.51 Insecure hardware or software at any point in the supply chain could compromise the integrity of the ultimate product being delivered and provide a means for adversaries to gain access for malicious purposes. Indeed, Congress chartered the U.S. Cyberspace Solarium Commission in the 2019 National Defense Authorization Act to develop a consensus on a strategic approach to defending the United States in cyberspace against cyberattacks of significant consequences.3 There is also a general acknowledgment of the link between U.S. cyber strategy below and above the threshold of armed conflict in cyberspace. a. Cyber vulnerabilities to DoD Systems may include All of the above Foreign Intelligence Entity . Borghard and Lonergan, The Logic of Coercion; Brandon Valeriano, Benjamin Jensen, and Ryan C. Maness, Cyber Strategy: The Evolving Character of Power and Coercion. The Cyber Table Top (CTT) method is a type of mission-based cyber risk assessment that defense programs can use to produce actionable information on potential cyber threats across a system's acquisition life cycle. , ed. Networks can be used as a pathway from one accessed weapon to attack other systems. The operator will see a "voodoo mouse" clicking around on the screen unless the attacker blanks the screen. Several threats are identified. Each control system vendor calls the database something different, but nearly every control system assigns each sensor, pump, breaker, etc., a unique number. Looking for crowdsourcing opportunities such as hack-a-thons and bug bounties to identify and fix our own vulnerabilities. Subscribe to our newsletter and get the latest news and updates. The types of data include data from the following sources: the data acquisition server, operator control interactions, alarms and events, and calculated and generated from other sources. In recent years, that has transitioned to VPN access to the control system LAN. Failure to proactively and systematically address cyber threats and vulnerabilities to critical weapons systems, and to the DOD enterprise, has deleterious implications for the U.S. ability to deter war, or fight and win if deterrence fails. An attacker will attempt to gain access to internal vendor resources or field laptops and piggyback on the connection into the control system LAN. An attacker wishing control simply establishes a connection with the data acquisition equipment and issues the appropriate commands. Based on this analysis, this capability could proactively conduct threat-hunting against those identified networks and assets to seek evidence of compromise, identify vulnerabilities, and deploy countermeasures to enable early warning and thwart adversary action. Relatedly, adversary campaigns to conduct cyber-enabled intellectual property theft against the U.S. military and the defense industrial base are also a concern because they continue to cause staggering losses of national security information and intellectual property. These tasks are typically performed on advanced applications servers pulling data from various sources on the control system network. Conducts deep-dive investigations on computer-based crimes establishing documentary or physical evidence, to include digital media and logs associated with cyber intrusion incidents. large versionFigure 12: Peer utility links. 1 (2017), 20. Often it is the responsibility of the corporate IT department to negotiate and maintain long-distance communication lines. By Mark Montgomery and Erica Borghard
29 Borghard and Lonergan, The Logic of Coercion; Brandon Valeriano, Benjamin Jensen, and Ryan C. Maness, Cyber Strategy: The Evolving Character of Power and Coercion (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2018); An Interview with Paul M. Nakasone, 4. For example, China is the second-largest spender on research and development (R&D) after the United States, accounting for 21 percent of the worlds total R&D spending in 2015. This page contains a web-friendly version of the Cybersecurity and Infrastructure Security Agency's Binding Operational Directive 19-02, "Vulnerability Remediation Requirements for Internet-Accessible Systems". Monitors network to actively remediate unauthorized activities. 28 Brantly, The Cyber Deterrence Problem; Borghard and Lonergan, The Logic of Coercion.. 6. Brantly, The Cyber Deterrence Problem; Borghard and Lonergan. DOD Cybersecurity Best Practices for Cyber Defense. For additional definitions of deterrence, see Glenn H. Snyder, Deterrence and Defense (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1961); Robert Jervis, Deterrence Theory Revisited, World Politics 31, no. 42 Lubold and Volz, Navy, Industry Partners Are Under Cyber Siege.. Implementing the Cyberspace Solarium Commissions recommendations would go a long way toward restoring confidence in the security and resilience of the U.S. military capabilities that are the foundation of the Nations deterrent. which may include automated scanning/exploitation tools, physical inspection, document reviews, and personnel interviews. large versionFigure 14: Exporting the HMI screen. It is common to find RTUs with the default passwords still enabled in the field. Heartbleed came from community-sourced code. 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